fstring.cpp

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//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Project     : SDK Base
// Version     : 1.0
//
// Category    : Helpers
// Filename    : base/source/fstring.cpp
// Created by  : Steinberg, 2008
// Description : String class
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// LICENSE
// (c) 2021, Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH, All Rights Reserved
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
// 
//   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
//     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 
//     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//   * Neither the name of the Steinberg Media Technologies nor the names of its
//     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this 
//     software without specific prior written permission.
// 
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
// ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 
// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 
// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 
// INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, 
// BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF 
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE 
// OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE  OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
// OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
#include "base/source/fstring.h"
#include "base/source/fdebug.h"
#include "pluginterfaces/base/futils.h"
#include "pluginterfaces/base/fvariant.h"
 
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <utility>
 
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
#include <windows.h>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning (disable : 4244)
#pragma warning (disable : 4267)
#pragma warning (disable : 4996)
 
#if DEVELOPMENT
#include <crtdbg.h>
 
#define malloc(s) _malloc_dbg(s, _NORMAL_BLOCK, __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define realloc(p,s) _realloc_dbg(p,s,  _NORMAL_BLOCK, __FILE__, __LINE__)
#define free(p) _free_dbg(p, _NORMAL_BLOCK)
 
#endif // DEVELOPMENT
#endif // _MSC_VER
#endif // SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
 
#ifndef kPrintfBufferSize
#define kPrintfBufferSize 4096
#endif
 
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
#include <CoreFoundation/CFString.h>
#include <CoreFoundation/CFStringEncodingExt.h>
#include <wchar.h>
 
#if defined (__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 4) && !__LP64__
// on 32 bit Mac OS X we can safely ignore the format warnings as sizeof(int) == sizeof(long)
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat"
#endif
 
#define SMTG_ENABLE_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR 0
#define SMTG_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR  (DEVELOPMENT && SMTG_ENABLE_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR)
 
#if SMTG_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR
#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#endif
 
namespace Steinberg {
#if SMTG_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR
static CFAllocatorRef kCFAllocator = NULL;
 
struct CFStringDebugAllocator : CFAllocatorContext
{
        CFStringDebugAllocator ()
        {
                version = 0;
                info = this;
                retain = nullptr;
                release = nullptr;
                copyDescription = nullptr;
                allocate = allocateCallBack;
                reallocate = reallocateCallBack;
                deallocate = deallocateCallBack;
                preferredSize = preferredSizeCallBack;
 
                numAllocations = allocationSize = numDeallocations = 0;
                cfAllocator = CFAllocatorCreate (kCFAllocatorUseContext, this);
 
                Dl_info info;
                if (dladdr ((const void*)CFStringDebugAllocator::allocateCallBack, &info))
                {
                        moduleName = info.dli_fname;
                }
                kCFAllocator = cfAllocator;
        }
 
        ~CFStringDebugAllocator ()
        {
                kCFAllocator = kCFAllocatorDefault;
                CFRelease (cfAllocator);
                FDebugPrint ("CFStringDebugAllocator (%s):\n", moduleName.text8 ());
                FDebugPrint ("\tNumber of allocations  : %u\n", numAllocations);
                FDebugPrint ("\tNumber of deallocations: %u\n", numDeallocations);
                FDebugPrint ("\tAllocated Bytes        : %u\n", allocationSize);
        }
 
        String moduleName;
        CFAllocatorRef cfAllocator;
        volatile int64_t numAllocations;
        volatile int64_t numDeallocations;
        volatile int64_t allocationSize;
 
        void* doAllocate (CFIndex allocSize, CFOptionFlags hint)
        {
                void* ptr = CFAllocatorAllocate (kCFAllocatorDefault, allocSize, hint);
                OSAtomicIncrement64 (&numAllocations);
                OSAtomicAdd64 (allocSize, &allocationSize);
                return ptr;
        }
        void* doReallocate (void* ptr, CFIndex newsize, CFOptionFlags hint)
        {
                void* newPtr = CFAllocatorReallocate (kCFAllocatorDefault, ptr, newsize, hint);
                return newPtr;
        }
        void doDeallocate (void* ptr)
        {
                CFAllocatorDeallocate (kCFAllocatorDefault, ptr);
                OSAtomicIncrement64 (&numDeallocations);
        }
        CFIndex getPreferredSize (CFIndex size, CFOptionFlags hint)
        {
                return CFAllocatorGetPreferredSizeForSize (kCFAllocatorDefault, size, hint);
        }
 
        static void* allocateCallBack (CFIndex allocSize, CFOptionFlags hint, void* info)
        {
                return static_cast<CFStringDebugAllocator*> (info)->doAllocate (allocSize, hint);
        }
        static void* reallocateCallBack (void* ptr, CFIndex newsize, CFOptionFlags hint, void* info)
        {
                return static_cast<CFStringDebugAllocator*> (info)->doReallocate (ptr, newsize, hint);
        }
 
        static void deallocateCallBack (void* ptr, void* info)
        {
                static_cast<CFStringDebugAllocator*> (info)->doDeallocate (ptr);
        }
        static CFIndex preferredSizeCallBack (CFIndex size, CFOptionFlags hint, void* info)
        {
                return static_cast<CFStringDebugAllocator*> (info)->getPreferredSize (size, hint);
        }
};
static CFStringDebugAllocator gDebugAllocator;
#else
 
static const CFAllocatorRef kCFAllocator = ::kCFAllocatorDefault;
#endif // SMTG_DEBUG_CFALLOCATOR
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static void* toCFStringRef (const Steinberg::char8* source, Steinberg::uint32 encoding)
{
        if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                encoding = kCFStringEncodingASCII;
        if (source)
                return (void*)CFStringCreateWithCString (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, source, encoding);
        else
                return (void*)CFStringCreateWithCString (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, "", encoding);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static bool fromCFStringRef (Steinberg::char8* dest, Steinberg::int32 destSize, const void* cfStr, Steinberg::uint32 encoding)
{
        CFIndex usedBytes;
        CFRange range = {0, CFStringGetLength ((CFStringRef)cfStr)};
        bool result = CFStringGetBytes ((CFStringRef)cfStr, range, encoding, '?', false, (UInt8*)dest, destSize, &usedBytes);
        dest[usedBytes] = 0;
        return result;
}
#endif // SMTG_OS_MACOS
 
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
#define stricmp16 wcsicmp
#define strnicmp16 wcsnicmp
#define strrchr16 wcsrchr
#define sprintf16 swprintf
#define snprintf16 snwprintf
#define vsnprintf16 vsnwprintf
#define vsprintf16 wvsprintf
#define vfprintf16 vfwprintf
#define sscanf16 swscanf
#define toupper16 towupper
#define tolower16 towlower
#define isupper16 iswupper
#define islower16 iswlower
#define isspace16 iswspace
#define isalpha16 iswalpha
#define isdigit16 iswdigit
#define isalnum16 iswalnum
 
#define stricmp _stricmp
#define strnicmp _strnicmp
#define snprintf _snprintf
#define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
#define snwprintf _snwprintf
#define vsnwprintf _vsnwprintf
 
#define wtoi _wtoi
#define wtol _wtol
#define wtof _wtof
 
#elif SMTG_OS_LINUX
#include <codecvt>
#include <locale>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include <limits>
#include <cassert>
#include <wchar.h>
 
using ConverterFacet = std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>;
using Converter = std::wstring_convert<ConverterFacet, char16_t>;
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
static ConverterFacet& converterFacet ()
{
        static ConverterFacet gFacet;
        return gFacet;
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
static Converter& converter ()
{
        static Converter gConverter;
        return gConverter;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int stricasecmp (const Steinberg::char8* s1, const Steinberg::char8* s2)
{
        return ::strcasecmp (s1, s2);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int strnicasecmp (const Steinberg::char8* s1, const Steinberg::char8* s2, size_t n)
{
        return ::strncasecmp (s1, s2, n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int stricmp16 (const Steinberg::char16* s1, const Steinberg::char16* s2)
{
        auto str1 = converter ().to_bytes (s1);
        auto str2 = converter ().to_bytes (s2);
        return stricasecmp (str1.data (), str2.data ());
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int strnicmp16 (const Steinberg::char16* s1, const Steinberg::char16* s2, int n)
{
        auto str1 = converter ().to_bytes (s1);
        auto str2 = converter ().to_bytes (s2);
        return strnicasecmp (str1.data (), str2.data (), n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int sprintf16 (Steinberg::char16* wcs, const Steinberg::char16* format, ...)
{
    assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
        return 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline int vsnwprintf (Steinberg::char16* wcs, size_t maxlen,
                                                          const Steinberg::char16* format, va_list args)
{
        Steinberg::char8 str8[kPrintfBufferSize];
        auto format_utf8 = converter ().to_bytes(format);
        auto len = vsnprintf (str8, kPrintfBufferSize, format_utf8.data (), args);
 
        auto tmp_str = converter ().from_bytes (str8, str8 + len);
        auto target_len = std::min (tmp_str.size (), maxlen - 1);
        tmp_str.copy (wcs, target_len);
        wcs[target_len] = '\0';
 
        return tmp_str.size ();
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::char16* strrchr16 (const Steinberg::char16* str, Steinberg::char16 c)
{
    assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
        return nullptr;
}
 
#elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
#define tstrtoi64 strtoll
#define stricmp strcasecmp
#define strnicmp strncasecmp
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 strnicmp16 (const Steinberg::char16* str1, const Steinberg::char16* str2, size_t size)
{
        if (size == 0)
                return 0;
 
        CFIndex str1Len = Steinberg::strlen16 (str1);
        CFIndex str2Len = Steinberg::strlen16 (str2);
        if (static_cast<CFIndex> (size) < str2Len) // range is not applied to second string
                str2Len = size;
        CFStringRef cfStr1 = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)str1, str1Len, kCFAllocatorNull);
        CFStringRef cfStr2 = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)str2, str2Len, kCFAllocatorNull);
        CFComparisonResult result = CFStringCompareWithOptions (cfStr1, cfStr2, CFRangeMake (0, size), kCFCompareCaseInsensitive);
        CFRelease (cfStr1);
        CFRelease (cfStr2);
        switch (result)
        {
                case kCFCompareEqualTo: return 0;
                case kCFCompareLessThan: return -1;
                case kCFCompareGreaterThan: 
                default: return 1;
        };
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 stricmp16 (const Steinberg::char16* str1, CFIndex str1Len, const Steinberg::char16* str2, CFIndex str2Len)
{
        CFStringRef cfStr1 = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)str1, str1Len, kCFAllocatorNull);
        CFStringRef cfStr2 = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)str2, str2Len, kCFAllocatorNull);
        CFComparisonResult result = CFStringCompare (cfStr1, cfStr2, kCFCompareCaseInsensitive);
        CFRelease (cfStr1);
        CFRelease (cfStr2);
        switch (result)
        {
                case kCFCompareEqualTo: return 0;
                case kCFCompareLessThan: return -1;
                case kCFCompareGreaterThan: 
                default: return 1;
        };
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 stricmp16 (const Steinberg::ConstString& str1, const Steinberg::ConstString& str2)
{
        return stricmp16 (str1.text16 (), str1.length (), str2.text16 (), str2.length ());
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 stricmp16 (const Steinberg::char16* str1, const Steinberg::char16* str2)
{
        CFIndex str1Len = Steinberg::strlen16 (str1);
        CFIndex str2Len = Steinberg::strlen16 (str2);
        return stricmp16 (str1, str1Len, str2, str2Len);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::char16* strrchr16 (const Steinberg::char16* str, Steinberg::char16 c)
{
        Steinberg::int32 len = Steinberg::ConstString (str).length ();
        while (len > 0)
        {
                if (str[len] == c)
                        return const_cast<Steinberg::char16*>(str + len);
                len--;
        }
        return 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 vsnwprintf (Steinberg::char16* str, Steinberg::int32 size, const Steinberg::char16* format, va_list ap)
{
        // wrapped using CoreFoundation's CFString
        CFMutableStringRef formatString = (CFMutableStringRef)Steinberg::ConstString (format).toCFStringRef (0xFFFF, true);
        CFStringFindAndReplace (formatString, CFSTR("%s"), CFSTR("%S"), CFRangeMake (0, CFStringGetLength (formatString)), 0);
        CFStringRef resultString = CFStringCreateWithFormatAndArguments (Steinberg::kCFAllocator, 0, formatString, ap);
        CFRelease (formatString);
        if (resultString)
        {
                Steinberg::String res;
                res.fromCFStringRef (resultString);
                res.copyTo16 (str, 0, size);
                CFRelease (resultString);
                return 0;
        }
        return 1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline Steinberg::int32 sprintf16 (Steinberg::char16* str, const Steinberg::char16* format, ...)
{
        va_list marker;
        va_start (marker, format);
        return vsnwprintf (str, -1, format, marker);
}
 
#endif // SMTG_OS_LINUX
 
/*
UTF-8                EF BB BF 
UTF-16 Big Endian    FE FF 
UTF-16 Little Endian FF FE 
UTF-32 Big Endian    00 00 FE FF 
UTF-32 Little Endian FF FE 00 00 
*/
 
namespace Steinberg {
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static inline bool isCaseSensitive (ConstString::CompareMode mode)
{
        return mode == ConstString::kCaseSensitive;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//      ConstString
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ConstString::ConstString (const char8* str, int32 length)
: buffer8 ((char8*)str)
, len (length < 0 ? (str ? static_cast<uint32> (strlen (str)) : 0) : length)
, isWide (0) 
{
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ConstString::ConstString (const char16* str, int32 length)
: buffer16 ((char16*)str)
, len (length < 0 ? (str ? strlen16 (str) : 0) : length)
, isWide (1) 
{
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ConstString::ConstString (const ConstString& str, int32 offset, int32 length)
: buffer (str.buffer)
, len (length < 0 ? (str.len - (offset > 0 ? offset : 0)) : length)
, isWide (str.isWide)
{
        if (offset > 0)
        {
                if (isWide)
                        buffer16 += offset;
                else
                        buffer8 += offset;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ConstString::ConstString (const FVariant& var)
: buffer (nullptr)
, len (0)
, isWide (0) 
{
        switch (var.getType ())
        {
                case FVariant::kString8:
                        buffer8 = (char8*)var.getString8 ();
                        len = buffer8 ? strlen8 (buffer8) : 0;
                        isWide = false;
                        break;
 
                case FVariant::kString16:
                        buffer16 = (char16*)var.getString16 ();
                        len = buffer16 ? strlen16 (buffer16) : 0;
                        isWide = true;
                        break;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ConstString::ConstString ()
: buffer (nullptr)
, len (0)
, isWide (0) 
{
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::testChar8 (uint32 index, char8 c) const
{
        if (index >= len)
                return c == 0;
        if (isWide)
        {
                // make c wide
                char8 src[] = {c, 0};
                char16 dest[2] = {0};
                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                        return buffer16[index] == dest[0];
                return false;
        }
        return buffer8[index] == c;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::testChar16 (uint32 index, char16 c) const
{
        if (index >= len)
                return c == 0;
        if (!isWide)
        {
                // make c ansi
                char16 src[] = {c, 0};
                char8 dest[8] = {0};
                if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                        return buffer8[index] == dest[0];
                return false;
        }
        return buffer16[index] == c;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::extract (String& result, uint32 idx, int32 n) const
{
        if (len == 0|| idx >= len)
                return false;
 
        if ((idx + n > len) || n < 0)
                n = len - idx;
 
        if (isWide)
                result.assign (buffer16 + idx, n);
        else
                result.assign (buffer8 + idx, n);
 
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::copyTo8 (char8* str, uint32 idx, int32 n) const
{
        if (!str)
                return 0;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (text16 ());
                if (tmp.toMultiByte () == false)
                        return 0;
                return tmp.copyTo8 (str, idx, n);
        }
 
        if (isEmpty () || idx >= len || !buffer8)
        {
                str[0] = 0;
                return 0;
        }
 
        if ((idx + n > len) || n < 0)
                n = len - idx;
 
        memcpy (str, &(buffer8[idx]), n * sizeof (char8));
        str[n] = 0;
        return n;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::copyTo16 (char16* str, uint32 idx, int32 n) const
{
        if (!str)
                return 0;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                String tmp (text8 ());
                if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                        return 0;
                return tmp.copyTo16 (str, idx, n);
        }
        
        if (isEmpty () || idx >= len || !buffer16)
        {
                str[0] = 0;
                return 0;
        }
 
        if ((idx + n > len) || n < 0)
                n = len - idx;
        
        memcpy (str, &(buffer16[idx]), n * sizeof (char16));
        str[n] = 0;
        return n;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::copyTo (tchar* str, uint32 idx, int32 n) const
{
#ifdef UNICODE
        return copyTo16 (str, idx, n);
#else
        return copyTo8 (str, idx, n);
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ConstString::copyTo (IStringResult* result) const
{
        if (isWideString () == false)
        {
                result->setText (text8 ());     
        }
        else
        {
                FUnknownPtr<IString> iStr (result);
                if (iStr)
                {
                        iStr->setText16 (text16 ());
                }
                else
                {
                        String tmp (*this);
                        tmp.toMultiByte ();
                        result->setText (tmp.text8 ());
                }
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ConstString::copyTo (IString& string) const
{
        if (isWideString ())
                string.setText16 (text16 ());
        else
                string.setText8 (text8 ());
}
 
 
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::compare (const ConstString& str, int32 n, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (n == 0)
                return 0;
 
        if (str.isEmpty ())
        {
                if (isEmpty ())
                        return 0;
                return 1;
        }
        else if (isEmpty ())
                return -1;
 
        if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                if (n < 0)
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strcmp (*this, str);
                        else
                                return stricmp (*this, str);
                }
                else
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strncmp (*this, str, n);
                        else
                                return strnicmp (*this, str, n);
                }
        }
        else if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                if (n < 0)
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strcmp16 (*this, str);
                        else
                                return stricmp16 (*this, str);
                }
                else
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strncmp16 (*this, str, n);
                        else
                                return strnicmp16 (*this, str, n);
                }
        }
        return compareAt (0, str, n, mode);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::compare (const ConstString& str, CompareMode mode) const
{
        return compare (str, -1, mode);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::compareAt (uint32 index, const ConstString& str, int32 n, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (n == 0)
                return 0;
 
        if (str.isEmpty ())
        {
                if (isEmpty ())
                        return 0;
                return 1;
        }
        else if (isEmpty ())
                return -1;
 
        if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                char8* toCompare = buffer8;
                if (index > 0)
                {
                        if (index >= len)
                        {
                                if (str.isEmpty ())
                                        return 0;
                                return -1;
                        }
                        toCompare += index;
                }
 
                if (n < 0)
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strcmp (toCompare, str);
                        else
                                return stricmp (toCompare, str);
                }
                else
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strncmp (toCompare, str, n);
                        else
                                return strnicmp (toCompare, str, n);
                }
        }
        else if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                char16* toCompare = buffer16;
                if (index > 0)
                {
                        if (index >= len)
                        {
                                if (str.isEmpty ())
                                        return 0;
                                return -1;
                        }
                        toCompare += index;
                }
 
                if (n < 0)
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strcmp16 (toCompare, str.text16 ());
                        else
                                return stricmp16 (toCompare, str.text16 ());
                }
                else
                {
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                                return strncmp16 (toCompare, str.text16 (), n);
                        else
                                return strnicmp16 (toCompare, str.text16 (), n);
                }
        }
        else
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        String tmp (str.text8 ());
                        if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                                return -1;
                        return compareAt (index, tmp, n, mode);
                }
                else
                {
                        String tmp (text8 ());
                        if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                                return 1;
                        return tmp.compareAt (index, str, n, mode);
                }
        }
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steinberg::int32 ConstString::naturalCompare (const ConstString& str, CompareMode mode /*= kCaseSensitive*/) const
{
        if (str.isEmpty ())
        {
                if (isEmpty ())
                        return 0;
                return 1;
        }
        else if (isEmpty ())
                return -1;
 
        if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
                return strnatcmp8 (buffer8, str.text8 (), isCaseSensitive (mode));
        else if (isWide && str.isWide)
                return strnatcmp16 (buffer16, str.text16 (), isCaseSensitive (mode));
        else
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        String tmp (str.text8 ());
                        tmp.toWideString ();
                        return strnatcmp16 (buffer16, tmp.text16 (), isCaseSensitive (mode));
                }
                else
                {
                        String tmp (text8 ());
                        tmp.toWideString ();
                        return strnatcmp16 (tmp.text16 (), str.text16 (), isCaseSensitive (mode));
                }
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::startsWith (const ConstString& str, CompareMode mode /*= kCaseSensitive*/) const
{
        if (str.isEmpty ())
        {
                return isEmpty ();
        }
        else if (isEmpty ())
        {
                return false;
        }
        if (length () < str.length ())
        {
                return false;
        }
        if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp (buffer8, str.buffer8, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp (buffer8, str.buffer8, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (buffer16, str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (buffer16, str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str.text8 ());
                tmp.toWideString ();
                if (tmp.length () > length ())
                        return false;
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (buffer16, tmp.buffer16, tmp.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (buffer16, tmp.buffer16, tmp.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else
        {
                String tmp (text8 ());
                tmp.toWideString ();
                if (str.length () > tmp.length ())
                        return false;
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (tmp.buffer16, str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (tmp.buffer16, str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::endsWith (const ConstString& str, CompareMode mode /*= kCaseSensitive*/) const
{
        if (str.isEmpty ())
        {
                return isEmpty ();
        }
        else if (isEmpty ())
        {
                return false;
        }
        if (length () < str.length ())
        {
                return false;
        }
        if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp (buffer8 + (length () - str.length ()), str.buffer8, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp (buffer8 + (length () - str.length ()), str.buffer8, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (buffer16 + (length () - str.length ()), str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (buffer16 + (length () - str.length ()), str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str.text8 ());
                tmp.toWideString ();
                if (tmp.length () > length ())
                        return false;
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (buffer16 + (length () - tmp.length ()), tmp.buffer16, tmp.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (buffer16 + (length () - tmp.length ()), tmp.buffer16, tmp.length ()) == 0;
        }
        else
        {
                String tmp (text8 ());
                tmp.toWideString ();
                if (str.length () > tmp.length ())
                        return false;
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        return strncmp16 (tmp.buffer16 + (tmp.length () - str.length ()), str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
                return strnicmp16 (tmp.buffer16 + (tmp.length () - str.length ()), str.buffer16, str.length ()) == 0;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::contains (const ConstString& str, CompareMode m) const
{
        return findFirst (str, -1, m) != -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findNext (int32 startIndex, const ConstString& str, int32 n, CompareMode mode, int32 endIndex) const
{
        uint32 endLength = len;
        if (endIndex > -1 && (uint32)endIndex < len)
                endLength = endIndex + 1;
 
        if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                if (startIndex < 0)
                        startIndex = 0;
 
                uint32 stringLength = str.length ();
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
                if (n > 0)
                {
                        uint32 i = 0;
 
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                                        if (strncmp16 (buffer16 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                                        if (strnicmp16 (buffer16 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                }
                return -1;
        }
        else if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                uint32 stringLength = str.length ();
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
                if (startIndex < 0)
                        startIndex = 0;
 
                if (n > 0)
                {
                        uint32 i = 0;
 
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                                        if (strncmp (buffer8 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                                        if (strnicmp (buffer8 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                }
                return -1;
        }
        String tmp;
        if (isWide)
        {
                tmp = str.text8 ();
                tmp.toWideString ();
                return findNext (startIndex, tmp, n , mode, endIndex);
        }
        tmp = text8 ();
        tmp.toWideString ();
        return tmp.findNext (startIndex, str, n, mode, endIndex);
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findNext (int32 startIndex, char8 c, CompareMode mode, int32 endIndex) const
{
        uint32 endLength = len;
        if (endIndex > -1 && (uint32)endIndex < len)
                endLength = endIndex + 1;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                char8 src[] = {c, 0};
                char16 dest[8] = {0};
                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                        return findNext (startIndex, dest[0], mode, endIndex);
                return -1;
        }
 
        if (startIndex < 0)
                startIndex = 0;
        uint32 i;
 
        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
        {
                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                {
                        if (buffer8[i] == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                c = toLower (c);
                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                {
                        if (toLower (buffer8[i]) == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findNext (int32 startIndex, char16 c, CompareMode mode, int32 endIndex) const
{
        uint32 endLength = len;
        if (endIndex > -1 && (uint32)endIndex < len)
                endLength = endIndex + 1;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                char16 src[] = {c, 0};
                char8 dest[8] = {0};
                if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                        return findNext (startIndex, dest[0], mode, endIndex);
 
                return -1;
        }
 
        uint32 i;
        if (startIndex < 0)
                startIndex = 0;
 
        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
        {
                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                {
                        if (buffer16[i] == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                c = toLower (c);
                for (i = startIndex; i < endLength; i++)
                {
                        if (toLower (buffer16[i]) == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findPrev (int32 startIndex, char8 c, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (len == 0)
                return -1;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                char8 src[] = {c, 0};
                char16 dest[8] = {0};
                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                        return findPrev (startIndex, dest[0], mode);
                return -1;
        }
 
        if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > (int32)len)
                startIndex = len;
 
        int32 i;
 
        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
        {
                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                        if (buffer8[i] == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                c = toLower (c);
                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                        if (toLower (buffer8[i]) == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findPrev (int32 startIndex, char16 c, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (len == 0)
                return -1;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                char16 src[] = {c, 0};
                char8 dest[8] = {0};
                if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                        return findPrev (startIndex, dest[0], mode);
 
                return -1;
        }
 
        if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > (int32)len)
                startIndex = len;
 
        int32 i;
 
        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
        {
                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                        if (buffer16[i] == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                c = toLower (c);
                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                {
                        if (toLower (buffer16[i]) == c)
                                return i;
                }
        }
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::findPrev (int32 startIndex, const ConstString& str, int32 n, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (isWide && str.isWide)
        {
                uint32 stringLength = str.length ();
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
                if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= (int32)len)
                        startIndex = len - 1;
 
                if (n > 0)
                {
                        int32 i = 0;
 
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                                        if (strncmp16 (buffer16 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                                        if (strnicmp16 (buffer16 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                }
                return -1;
        }
        else if (!isWide && !str.isWide)
        {
                uint32 stringLength = str.length ();
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
                if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex >= (int32)len)
                        startIndex = len - 1;
 
                if (n > 0)
                {
                        int32 i = 0;
 
                        if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                                        if (strncmp (buffer8 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                for (i = startIndex; i >= 0; i--)
                                        if (strnicmp (buffer8 + i, str, n) == 0)
                                                return i;
                        }
                }
                return -1;
        }
        if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str.text8 ());
                tmp.toWideString ();
                return findPrev (startIndex, tmp, n, mode);
        }
        String tmp (text8 ());
        tmp.toWideString ();
        return tmp.findPrev (startIndex, str, n, mode);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::countOccurences (char8 c, uint32 startIndex, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (isWide)
        {
                char8 src[] = {c, 0};
                char16 dest[8] = {0};
                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                        return countOccurences (dest[0], startIndex, mode);
                return -1;
        }
 
        int32 result = 0;
        int32 next = startIndex;
        while (true)
        {
                next = findNext (next, c, mode);
                if (next >= 0)
                {
                        next++;
                        result++;
                }
                else
                        break;
        }
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::countOccurences (char16 c, uint32 startIndex, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (!isWide)
        {
                char16 src[] = {c, 0};
                char8 dest[8] = {0};
                if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                        return countOccurences (dest[0], startIndex, mode);
 
                return -1;
        }
        int32 result = 0;
        int32 next = startIndex;
        while (true)
        {
                next = findNext (next, c, mode);
                if (next >= 0)
                {
                        next++;
                        result++;
                }
                else
                        break;
        }
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::getFirstDifferent (const ConstString& str, CompareMode mode) const
{
        if (str.isWide != isWide)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        String tmp (str.text8 ());
                        if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                                return -1;
                        return getFirstDifferent (tmp, mode);
                }
                else
                {
                        String tmp (text8 ());
                        if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                                return -1;
                        return tmp.getFirstDifferent (str, mode);
                }
        }
 
        uint32 len1 = len;
        uint32 len2 = str.len;
        uint32 i;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                {
                        for (i = 0; i <= len1 && i <= len2; i++)
                        {
                                if (buffer16[i] != str.buffer16[i])
                                        return i;
                        }
                }
                else
                {
                        for (i = 0; i <= len1 && i <= len2; i++)
                        {
                                if (toLower (buffer16[i]) != toLower (str.buffer16[i]))
                                        return i;
                        }
                }
        }
        else
        {
                if (isCaseSensitive (mode))
                {
                        for (i = 0; i <= len1 && i <= len2; i++)
                        {
                                if (buffer8[i] != str.buffer8[i])
                                        return i;
                        }
                }
                else
                {
                        for (i = 0; i <= len1 && i <= len2; i++)
                        {
                                if (toLower (buffer8[i]) != toLower (str.buffer8[i]))
                                        return i;
                        }
                }
        }
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanInt64 (int64& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return scanInt64_16 (buffer16 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
        else
                return scanInt64_8 (buffer8 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanUInt64 (uint64& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return scanUInt64_16 (buffer16 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
        else
                return scanUInt64_8 (buffer8 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanHex (uint8& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return scanHex_16 (buffer16 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
        else
                return scanHex_8 (buffer8 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanInt32 (int32& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return scanInt32_16 (buffer16 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
        else
                return scanInt32_8 (buffer8 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanUInt32 (uint32& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return scanUInt32_16 (buffer16 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
        else
                return scanUInt32_8 (buffer8 + offset, value, scanToEnd);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanInt64_8 (const char8* text, int64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{       
        while (text && text[0])
        {
                if (sscanf (text, "%" FORMAT_INT64A, &value) == 1)
                        return true;
                else if (scanToEnd == false)
                        return false;
                text++;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanInt64_16 (const char16* text, int64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
        if (text && text[0])
        {
                String str (text);
                str.toMultiByte (kCP_Default);
                return scanInt64_8 (str, value, scanToEnd);
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanUInt64_8 (const char8* text, uint64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
        while (text && text[0])
        {
                if (sscanf (text, "%" FORMAT_UINT64A, &value) == 1)
                        return true;
                else if (scanToEnd == false)
                        return false;
                text++;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanUInt64_16 (const char16* text, uint64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
        if (text && text[0])
        {
                String str (text);
                str.toMultiByte (kCP_Default);
                return scanUInt64_8 (str, value, scanToEnd);
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanInt64 (const tchar* text, int64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
#ifdef UNICODE
        return scanInt64_16 (text, value,scanToEnd);
#else
        return scanInt64_8 (text, value, scanToEnd);
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanUInt64 (const tchar* text, uint64& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
#ifdef UNICODE
        return scanUInt64_16 (text, value, scanToEnd);
#else
        return scanUInt64_8 (text, value, scanToEnd);
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanHex_8 (const char8* text, uint8& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
        while (text && text[0])
        {
                unsigned int v; // scanf expects an unsigned int for %x
                if (sscanf (text, "%x", &v) == 1)
                {
                        value = (uint8)v;
                        return true;
                }
                else if (scanToEnd == false)
                        return false;
                text++;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanHex_16 (const char16* text, uint8& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
        if (text && text[0])
        {
                String str (text);
                str.toMultiByte (kCP_Default); // scanf uses default codepage
                return scanHex_8 (str, value, scanToEnd);
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanHex (const tchar* text, uint8& value, bool scanToEnd)
{
#ifdef UNICODE
        return scanHex_16 (text, value, scanToEnd);
#else
        return scanHex_8 (text, value, scanToEnd);
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::scanFloat (double& value, uint32 offset, bool scanToEnd) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || offset >= len)
                return false;
 
        String str (*this);
        int32 pos = -1;
        if (isWide)
        {
                if ((pos = str.findNext (offset, STR(','))) >= 0 && ((uint32)pos) >= offset)
                        str.setChar (pos, STR('.'));
 
                str.toMultiByte (kCP_Default); // scanf uses default codepage
        }
        else
        {
                if ((pos = str.findNext (offset, ',')) >= 0 && ((uint32)pos) >= offset)
                        str.setChar (pos, '.');
        }
 
        const char8* txt = str.text8 () + offset;
        while (txt && txt[0])
        {
                if (sscanf (txt, "%lf", &value) == 1)
                        return true;
                else if (scanToEnd == false)
                        return false;
                txt++;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char16 ConstString::toLower (char16 c)
{
        #if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
                WCHAR temp[2] = {c, 0};
        ::CharLowerW (temp);
        return temp[0];
        #elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
                // only convert characters which in lowercase are also single characters
                UniChar characters [2] = {0};
                characters[0] = c;
                CFMutableStringRef str = CFStringCreateMutableWithExternalCharactersNoCopy (kCFAllocator, characters, 1, 2, kCFAllocatorNull);
                if (str)
                {
                        CFStringLowercase (str, NULL);
                        CFRelease (str);
                        if (characters[1] == 0)
                                return characters[0];
                }
                return c;
        #elif SMTG_OS_LINUX
        assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
                return c;
        #else
                return towlower (c);
        #endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char16 ConstString::toUpper (char16 c)
{
        #if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
                WCHAR temp[2] = {c, 0};
        ::CharUpperW (temp);
        return temp[0];
        #elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
                // only convert characters which in uppercase are also single characters (don't translate a sharp-s which would result in SS)
                UniChar characters [2] = {0};
                characters[0] = c;
                CFMutableStringRef str = CFStringCreateMutableWithExternalCharactersNoCopy (kCFAllocator, characters, 1, 2, kCFAllocatorNull);
                if (str)
                {
                        CFStringUppercase (str, NULL);
                        CFRelease (str);
                        if (characters[1] == 0)
                                return characters[0];
                }
                return c;
    #elif SMTG_OS_LINUX
        assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
                return c;
        #else
                return towupper (c);
        #endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char8 ConstString::toLower (char8 c)
{
        if ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z'))
                return c + ('a' - 'A');
        #if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
                CHAR temp[2] = {c, 0};
        ::CharLowerA (temp);
        return temp[0];
        #else
                return static_cast<char8> (tolower (c));
        #endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char8 ConstString::toUpper (char8 c)
{
        if ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z'))
                return c - ('a' - 'A');
        #if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
                CHAR temp[2] = {c, 0};
        ::CharUpperA (temp);
        return temp[0];
        #else
                return static_cast<char8> (toupper (c));
        #endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharSpace (const char8 character)
{
        return isspace (character) != 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharSpace (const char16 character)
{
        switch (character)
        {
                case 0x0020:
                case 0x00A0:
                case 0x2002:
                case 0x2003:
                case 0x2004:
                case 0x2005:
                case 0x2006:
                case 0x2007:
                case 0x2008:
                case 0x2009:
                case 0x200A:
                case 0x200B:
                case 0x202F:
                case 0x205F:
                case 0x3000:
                        return true;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAlpha (const char8 character)
{
        return isalpha (character) != 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAlpha (const char16 character)
{
        return iswalpha (character) != 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAlphaNum (const char8 character)
{
        return isalnum (character) != 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAlphaNum (const char16 character)
{
        return iswalnum (character) != 0; // this may not work on macOSX when another locale is set inside the c-lib
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharDigit (const char8 character)
{
        return isdigit (character) != 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharDigit (const char16 character)
{
        return iswdigit (character) != 0;       // this may not work on macOSX when another locale is set inside the c-lib
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAscii (char8 character)
{
        return character >= 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharAscii (char16 character)
{
        return character < 128;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharUpper (char8 character)
{
        return toUpper (character) == character;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharUpper (char16 character)
{
        return toUpper (character) == character;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharLower (char8 character)
{
        return toLower (character) == character;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isCharLower (char16 character)
{
        return toLower (character) == character;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isDigit (uint32 index) const
{
        if (isEmpty () || index >= len)
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
                return ConstString::isCharDigit (buffer16[index]);
        else
                return ConstString::isCharDigit (buffer8[index]);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::getTrailingNumberIndex (uint32 width) const
{
        if (isEmpty ())
                return -1;
 
        int32 endIndex = len - 1;
        int32 i = endIndex;
        while (isDigit ((uint32) i) && i >= 0)
                i--;
 
        // now either all are digits or i is on the first non digit
        if (i < endIndex)
        {
                if (width > 0 && (endIndex - i != static_cast<int32> (width)))
                        return -1;
 
                return i + 1;
        }
 
        return -1;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int64 ConstString::getTrailingNumber (int64 fallback) const
{
        int32 index = getTrailingNumberIndex ();
 
        int64 number = 0;
 
        if (index >= 0)
                if (scanInt64 (number, index))
                        return number;
 
        return fallback;
}
 
 
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ConstString::toVariant (FVariant& var) const
{
        if (isWide)
        {
                var.setString16 (buffer16);
        }
        else
        {
                var.setString8 (buffer8);
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isAsciiString () const
{
        uint32 i;
        if (isWide)
        {
                for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
                        if (ConstString::isCharAscii (buffer16 [i]) == false)
                                return false;
        }
        else
        {
                for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
                        if (ConstString::isCharAscii (buffer8 [i]) == false)
                                return false;
        }
        return true;
}
 
 
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
uint32 kDefaultSystemEncoding = kCFStringEncodingMacRoman;
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
static CFStringEncoding MBCodePageToCFStringEncoding (uint32 codePage)
{
        switch (codePage)
        {
                case kCP_ANSI:          return kDefaultSystemEncoding; // MacRoman or JIS
                case kCP_MAC_ROMAN:     return kCFStringEncodingMacRoman;
                case kCP_ANSI_WEL:      return kCFStringEncodingWindowsLatin1;
                case kCP_MAC_CEE:       return kCFStringEncodingMacCentralEurRoman;
                case kCP_Utf8:          return kCFStringEncodingUTF8;
                case kCP_ShiftJIS:      return kCFStringEncodingShiftJIS_X0213_00;
                case kCP_US_ASCII:      return kCFStringEncodingASCII;
        }
        return kCFStringEncodingASCII;
}
#endif
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::multiByteToWideString (char16* dest, const char8* source, int32 charCount, uint32 sourceCodePage)
{
        if (source == nullptr || source[0] == 0)
        {
                if (dest && charCount > 0)
                {
                        dest[0] = 0;
                }
                return 0;
        }
        int32 result = 0;
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
        result = MultiByteToWideChar (sourceCodePage, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, source, -1, dest, charCount);
#endif
 
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
        CFStringRef cfStr =
            (CFStringRef)::toCFStringRef (source, MBCodePageToCFStringEncoding (sourceCodePage));
        if (cfStr)
        {
                CFRange range = {0, CFStringGetLength (cfStr)};
                CFIndex usedBytes;
                if (CFStringGetBytes (cfStr, range, kCFStringEncodingUnicode, ' ', false, (UInt8*)dest,
                                      charCount * 2, &usedBytes) > 0)
                {
                        result = static_cast<int32> (usedBytes / 2 + 1);
                        if (dest)
                                dest[usedBytes / 2] = 0;
                }
 
                CFRelease (cfStr);
        }
#endif
 
#if SMTG_OS_LINUX
        if (sourceCodePage == kCP_ANSI || sourceCodePage == kCP_US_ASCII || sourceCodePage == kCP_Utf8)
        {
                if (dest == nullptr)
                {
                        auto state = std::mbstate_t ();
                        auto maxChars = charCount ? charCount : std::numeric_limits<int32>::max () - 1;
                        result = converterFacet ().length (state, source, source + strlen (source), maxChars);
                }
                else
                {
                        auto utf16Str = converter ().from_bytes (source);
                        if (!utf16Str.empty ())
                        {
                                result = std::min<int32> (charCount, utf16Str.size ());
                                memcpy (dest, utf16Str.data (), result * sizeof (char16));
                                dest[result] = 0;
                        }
                }
        }
        else
        {
                assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
        }
 
#endif
 
        SMTG_ASSERT (result > 0)
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 ConstString::wideStringToMultiByte (char8* dest, const char16* wideString, int32 charCount, uint32 destCodePage)
{
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
        return WideCharToMultiByte (destCodePage, 0, wideString, -1, dest, charCount, nullptr, nullptr);
 
#elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
        int32 result = 0;
        if (wideString != 0)
        {
                if (dest)
                {
                        CFStringRef cfStr = CFStringCreateWithCharactersNoCopy (kCFAllocator, (const UniChar*)wideString, strlen16 (wideString), kCFAllocatorNull);
                        if (cfStr)
                        {
                                if (fromCFStringRef (dest, charCount, cfStr, MBCodePageToCFStringEncoding (destCodePage)))
                                        result = static_cast<int32> (strlen (dest) + 1);
                                CFRelease (cfStr);
                        }
                }
                else
                {
                        return static_cast<int32> (CFStringGetMaximumSizeForEncoding (strlen16 (wideString), MBCodePageToCFStringEncoding (destCodePage)));
                }
        }
        return result;
 
#elif SMTG_OS_LINUX
        int32 result = 0;
        if (destCodePage == kCP_Utf8)
        {
                if (dest == nullptr)
                {
                        auto maxChars = charCount ? charCount : tstrlen (wideString);
                        result = converterFacet ().max_length () * maxChars;
                }
                else
                {
                        auto utf8Str = converter ().to_bytes (wideString);
                        if (!utf8Str.empty ())
                        {
                                result = std::min<int32> (charCount, utf8Str.size ());
                                memcpy (dest, utf8Str.data (), result * sizeof (char8));
                                dest[result] = 0;
                        }
                }
        }
        else if (destCodePage == kCP_ANSI || destCodePage == kCP_US_ASCII)
        {
                if (dest == nullptr)
                {
                        result = strlen16 (wideString) + 1;
                }
                else
                {
                        int32 i = 0;
                        for (; i < charCount; ++i)
                        {
                                if (wideString[i] == 0)
                                        break;
                                if (wideString[i] <= 0x007F)
                                        dest[i] = wideString[i];
                                else
                                        dest[i] = '_';
                        }
                        dest[i] = 0;
                        result = i;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
        }
        return result;
 
#else
#warning DEPRECATED No Linux implementation
        assert(false && "DEPRECATED No Linux implementation");
        return 0;
#endif
 
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ConstString::isNormalized (UnicodeNormalization n)
{
        if (isWide == false)
                return false;
 
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
#ifdef UNICODE
        if (n != kUnicodeNormC)
                return false;
        uint32 normCharCount = static_cast<uint32> (FoldString (MAP_PRECOMPOSED, buffer16, len, nullptr, 0));
        return (normCharCount == len);
#else
        return false; 
#endif
 
#elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
        if (n != kUnicodeNormC)
                return false;
 
        CFStringRef cfStr = (CFStringRef)toCFStringRef ();
        CFIndex charCount = CFStringGetLength (cfStr);
        CFRelease (cfStr);
        return (charCount == len);
#else
        return false;
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//      String
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String ()
{
        isWide = kWideStringDefault ? 1 : 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const char8* str, MBCodePage codePage, int32 n, bool isTerminated)
{
        isWide = 0;
        if (str)
        {
                assign (str, n, isTerminated);
                toWideString (codePage);
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const char8* str, int32 n, bool isTerminated)
{
        if (str)
                assign (str, n, isTerminated);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const char16* str, int32 n, bool isTerminated)
{
        isWide = 1;
        if (str)
                assign (str, n, isTerminated);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const String& str, int32 n)
{
        isWide = str.isWideString ();
        if (!str.isEmpty ())
                assign (str, n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const ConstString& str, int32 n)
{
        isWide = str.isWideString ();
        if (!str.isEmpty ())
                assign (str, n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (const FVariant& var)
{
        isWide = kWideStringDefault ? 1 : 0;
        fromVariant (var);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (IString* str)
{
        isWide = str->isWideString ();
        if (isWide)
                assign (str->getText16 ());
        else
                assign (str->getText8 ());
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::~String ()
{
        if (buffer)
                resize (0, false);
}
 
#if SMTG_CPP11_STDLIBSUPPORT
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String::String (String&& str)
{
        *this = std::move (str);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::operator= (String&& str)
{
        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer == nullptr || buffer != str.buffer);
        tryFreeBuffer ();
        
        isWide = str.isWide;
        buffer = str.buffer;
        len = str.len;
        str.buffer = nullptr;
        str.len = 0;
        return *this;
}
#endif
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::updateLength ()
{
        if (isWide)
                len = strlen16 (text16 ());
        else
                len = strlen8 (text8 ());
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::toWideString (uint32 sourceCodePage)
{
        if (!isWide)
        {
                if (buffer8 && len > 0)
                {
                        int32 bytesNeeded = multiByteToWideString (nullptr, buffer8, 0, sourceCodePage) * sizeof (char16);
                        if (bytesNeeded)
                        {
                                bytesNeeded += sizeof (char16);
                                char16* newStr = (char16*) malloc (bytesNeeded);
                                if (multiByteToWideString (newStr, buffer8, len + 1, sourceCodePage) <= 0)
                                {
                                        free (newStr);
                                        return false;
                                }
                                free (buffer8);
                                buffer16 = newStr;
                                isWide = true;
                                updateLength ();
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                return false;
                        }
                }
                isWide = true;
        }
        return true;
}
 
#define SMTG_STRING_CHECK_CONVERSION 1
#define SMTG_STRING_CHECK_CONVERSION_NO_BREAK 1
 
#if SMTG_STRING_CHECK_CONVERSION_NO_BREAK
        #define SMTG_STRING_CHECK_MSG FDebugPrint
#else
        #define SMTG_STRING_CHECK_MSG FDebugBreak
#endif
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::checkToMultiByte (uint32 destCodePage) const
{
        if (!isWide || isEmpty ())
                return true;
 
#if DEVELOPMENT && SMTG_STRING_CHECK_CONVERSION
        int debugLen = length ();
        int debugNonASCII = 0;
        for (int32 i = 0; i < length (); i++)
        {
                if (buffer16[i] > 127)
                        ++debugNonASCII;
        }
        
        String* backUp = nullptr;
        if (debugNonASCII > 0)
                backUp = NEW String (*this);
#endif
 
        // this should be avoided, since it can lead to information loss
        bool result = const_cast <String&> (*this).toMultiByte (destCodePage);
 
#if DEVELOPMENT && SMTG_STRING_CHECK_CONVERSION
        if (backUp)
        {
                String temp (*this);
                temp.toWideString (destCodePage);
                
                if (temp != *backUp)
                {
                        backUp->toMultiByte (kCP_Utf8);
                        SMTG_STRING_CHECK_MSG ("Indirect string conversion information loss !   %d/%d non ASCII chars:   \"%s\"   ->    \"%s\"\n", debugNonASCII, debugLen, backUp->buffer8, buffer8);
                }
                else
                        SMTG_STRING_CHECK_MSG ("Indirect string potential conversion information loss !   %d/%d non ASCII chars   result: \"%s\"\n", debugNonASCII, debugLen, buffer8);
 
                delete backUp;
        }
#endif
 
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::toMultiByte (uint32 destCodePage)
{
        if (isWide)
        {
                if (buffer16 && len > 0)
                {
                        int32 numChars = wideStringToMultiByte (nullptr, buffer16, 0, destCodePage) + sizeof (char8);
                        char8* newStr = (char8*) malloc (numChars * sizeof (char8));
                        if (wideStringToMultiByte (newStr, buffer16, numChars, destCodePage) <= 0)
                        {
                                free (newStr);
                                return false;
                        }
                        free (buffer16);
                        buffer8 = newStr;
                        isWide = false;
                        updateLength ();
                }
                isWide = false;
        }
        else if (destCodePage != kCP_Default)
        {
                if (toWideString () == false)
                        return false;
                return toMultiByte (destCodePage);
        }
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::fromUTF8 (const char8* utf8String)
{
        assign (utf8String);
        toWideString (kCP_Utf8);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::normalize (UnicodeNormalization n)
{
        if (isWide == false)
                return false;
 
        if (buffer16 == nullptr)
                return true;
 
#if SMTG_OS_WINDOWS
#ifdef UNICODE
        if (n != kUnicodeNormC)
                return false;
 
        uint32 normCharCount = static_cast<uint32> (FoldString (MAP_PRECOMPOSED, buffer16, len, nullptr, 0));
        if (normCharCount == len)
                return true;
 
        char16* newString = (char16*)malloc ((normCharCount + 1) * sizeof (char16));
        uint32 converterCount = static_cast<uint32> (FoldString (MAP_PRECOMPOSED, buffer16, len, newString, normCharCount + 1));
        if (converterCount != normCharCount)
        {
                free (newString);
                return false;
        }
        newString [converterCount] = 0;
        free (buffer16);
        buffer16 = newString;
        updateLength ();
        return true;
#else
        return false;
#endif
 
#elif SMTG_OS_MACOS
        CFMutableStringRef origStr = (CFMutableStringRef)toCFStringRef (0xFFFF, true);
        if (origStr)
        {
                CFStringNormalizationForm normForm = kCFStringNormalizationFormD;
                switch (n)
                {
                        case kUnicodeNormC: normForm = kCFStringNormalizationFormC; break;
                        case kUnicodeNormD: normForm = kCFStringNormalizationFormD; break;
                        case kUnicodeNormKC: normForm = kCFStringNormalizationFormKC; break;
                        case kUnicodeNormKD: normForm = kCFStringNormalizationFormKD; break;
                }
                CFStringNormalize (origStr, normForm);
                bool result = fromCFStringRef (origStr);
                CFRelease (origStr);
                return result;
        }
        return false;
#else
        return false;
#endif
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::tryFreeBuffer ()
{
        if (buffer)
        {
                free (buffer);
                buffer = nullptr;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::resize (uint32 newLength, bool wide, bool fill)
{
        if (newLength == 0)
        {
                tryFreeBuffer ();
                len = 0;
                isWide = wide ? 1 : 0;
        }
        else
        {
                size_t newCharSize = wide ? sizeof (char16) : sizeof (char8);
                size_t oldCharSize = (isWide != 0) ? sizeof (char16) : sizeof (char8);
 
                size_t newBufferSize = (newLength + 1) * newCharSize;
                size_t oldBufferSize = (len + 1) * oldCharSize;
 
                isWide = wide ? 1 : 0;
 
                if (buffer)
                {
                        if (newBufferSize != oldBufferSize)
                        {
                                void* newstr = realloc (buffer, newBufferSize);
                                if (newstr == nullptr)
                                        return false;
                                buffer = newstr;
                                if (isWide)
                                        buffer16[newLength] = 0;
                                else
                                        buffer8[newLength] = 0;
                        }
                        else if (wide && newCharSize != oldCharSize)
                                buffer16[newLength] = 0;
                }
                else
                {
                        void* newstr = malloc (newBufferSize);
                        if (newstr == nullptr)
                                return false;
                        buffer = newstr;
                        if (isWide)
                        {
                                buffer16[0] = 0;
                                buffer16[newLength] = 0;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                buffer8[0] = 0;
                                buffer8[newLength] = 0;
                        }
                }
 
                if (fill && len < newLength && buffer)
                {
                        if (isWide)
                        {
                                char16 c = ' '; 
                                for (uint32 i = len; i < newLength; i++)
                                        buffer16 [i] = c;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                memset (buffer8 + len, ' ', newLength - len);
                        }
                }
        }
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::setChar8 (uint32 index, char8 c)
{
        if (index == len && c == 0)
                return true;
 
        if (index >= len)
        {
                if (c == 0)
                {
                        if (resize (index, isWide, true) == false)
                                return false;
                        len = index;
                        return true;
                }
                else
                {
                        if (resize (index + 1, isWide, true) == false)
                                return false;
                        len = index + 1;
                }
        }
        
        if (index < len && buffer)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        if (c == 0)
                                buffer16[index] = 0;
                        else
                        {
                                char8 src[] = {c, 0};
                                char16 dest[8] = {0};
                                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                                        buffer16[index] = dest[0];
                        }
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[len] == 0)
                }
                else
                {
                        buffer8[index] = c;
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[len] == 0)
                }
 
                if (c == 0)
                        updateLength ();
 
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::setChar16 (uint32 index, char16 c)
{
        if (index == len && c == 0)
                return true;
 
        if (index >= len)
        {
                if (c == 0)
                {
                        if (resize (index, isWide, true) == false)
                                return false;
                        len = index;
                        return true;
                }
                else
                {
                        if (resize (index + 1, isWide, true) == false)
                                return false;
                        len = index + 1;
                }
        }
 
        if (index < len && buffer)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        buffer16[index] = c;
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[len] == 0)
                }
                else
                {
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[len] == 0)
                        char16 src[] = {c, 0};
                        char8 dest[8] = {0};
                        if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                                buffer8[index] = dest[0];
                        else
                                return false;
                }
 
                if (c == 0)
                        updateLength ();
 
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::assign (const ConstString& str, int32 n)
{
        if (str.isWideString ())
                return assign (str.text16 (), n < 0 ? str.length () : n);
        else
                return assign (str.text8 (), n < 0 ? str.length () : n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::assign (const char8* str, int32 n, bool isTerminated)
{
        if (str == buffer8)
                return *this;
 
        if (isTerminated)
        {
                uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen (str) : 0);
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
        }
        else if (n < 0)
                return *this;
 
        if (resize (n, false))
        {
                if (buffer8 && n > 0 && str)
                {
                        memcpy (buffer8, str, n * sizeof (char8));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[n] == 0)
                }
                isWide = 0;
                len = n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::assign (const char16* str, int32 n, bool isTerminated)
{
        if (str == buffer16)
                return *this;
 
        if (isTerminated)
        {
                uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen16 (str) : 0);
                n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
        }
        else if (n < 0)
                return *this;
 
        if (resize (n, true))
        {
                if (buffer16 && n > 0 && str)
                {
                        memcpy (buffer16, str, n * sizeof (char16));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[n] == 0)
                }
                isWide = 1;
                len = n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::assign (char8 c, int32 n)
{
        if (resize (n, false))
        {
                if (buffer8 && n > 0)
                {
                        memset (buffer8, c, n * sizeof (char8));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[n] == 0)
                }
                isWide = 0;
                len = n;
        }
        return *this;
 
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::assign (char16 c, int32 n)
{
        if (resize (n, true))
        {
                if (buffer && n > 0)
                {
                        for (int32 i = 0; i < n; i++)
                                buffer16[i] = c;
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[n] == 0)
                }
                isWide = 1;
                len = n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::append (const ConstString& str, int32 n)
{
        if (str.isWideString ())
                return append (str.text16 (), n);
        else
                return append (str.text8 (), n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::append (const char8* str, int32 n)
{
        if (str == buffer8)
                return *this;
 
        if (len == 0)
                return assign (str, n);
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str);
                if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
 
                return append (tmp.buffer16, n);
        }
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen (str) : 0);
        n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
        if (n > 0)
        {
                int32 newlen = n + len;
                if (!resize (newlen, false))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer && str)
                {
                        memcpy (buffer8 + len, str, n * sizeof (char8));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::append (const char16* str, int32 n)
{
        if (str == buffer16)
                return *this;
 
        if (len == 0)
                return assign (str, n);
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                if (toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
        }
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen16 (str) : 0);
        n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
        if (n > 0)
        {
                int32 newlen = n + len;
                if (!resize (newlen, true))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer16 && str)
                {
                        memcpy (buffer16 + len, str, n * sizeof (char16));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::append (const char8 c, int32 n)
{
        char8 str[] = {c, 0};
        if (n == 1)
        {
                return append (str, 1);
        }
        else if (n > 1)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        String tmp (str);
                        if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                                return *this;
 
                        return append (tmp.buffer16[0], n);
                }
 
                int32 newlen = n + len;
                if (!resize (newlen, false))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer)
                {
                        memset (buffer8 + len, c, n * sizeof (char8));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::append (const char16 c, int32 n)
{
        if (n == 1)
        {
                char16 str[] = {c, 0};
                return append (str, 1);
        }
        else if (n > 1)
        {
                if (!isWide)
                {
                        if (toWideString () == false)
                                return *this;
                }
 
                int32 newlen = n + len;
                if (!resize (newlen, true))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer16)
                {
                        for (int32 i = len; i < newlen; i++)
                                buffer16[i] = c;
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::insertAt (uint32 idx, const ConstString& str, int32 n)
{
        if (str.isWideString ())
                return insertAt (idx, str.text16 (), n);
        else
                return insertAt (idx, str.text8 (), n);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::insertAt (uint32 idx, const char8* str, int32 n)
{
        if (idx > len)
                return *this;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str);
                if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
                return insertAt (idx, tmp.buffer16, n);
        }
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen (str) : 0);
        n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
        if (n > 0)
        {
                int32 newlen = len + n;
                if (!resize (newlen, false))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer && str)
                {
                        if (idx < len)
                                memmove (buffer8 + idx + n, buffer8 + idx, (len - idx) * sizeof (char8));
                        memcpy (buffer8 + idx, str, n * sizeof (char8));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer8[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::insertAt (uint32 idx, const char16* str, int32 n)
{
        if (idx > len)
                return *this;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                if (toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
        }
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen16 (str) : 0);
        n = n < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n, stringLength);
 
        if (n > 0)
        {
                int32 newlen = len + n;
                if (!resize (newlen, true))
                        return *this;
 
                if (buffer && str)
                {
                        if (idx < len)
                                memmove (buffer16 + idx + n, buffer16 + idx, (len - idx) * sizeof (char16));
                        memcpy (buffer16 + idx, str, n * sizeof (char16));
                        SMTG_ASSERT (buffer16[newlen] == 0)
                }
 
                len += n;
        }
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::replace (uint32 idx, int32 n1, const ConstString& str, int32 n2)
{
        if (str.isWideString ())
                return replace (idx, n1, str.text16 (), n2);
        else
                return replace (idx, n1, str.text8 (), n2);
}
 
// "replace" replaces n1 number of characters at the specified index with
// n2 characters from the specified string.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::replace (uint32 idx, int32 n1, const char8* str, int32 n2)
{
        if (idx > len || str == nullptr)
                return *this;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String tmp (str);
                if (tmp.toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
                if (tmp.length () == 0 || n2 == 0)
                        return remove (idx, n1);
                return replace (idx, n1, tmp.buffer16, n2);
        }
 
        if (n1 < 0 || idx + n1 > len)
                n1 = len - idx;
        if (n1 == 0)
                return *this;
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen (str) : 0);
        n2 = n2 < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n2, stringLength);
 
        uint32 newlen = len - n1 + n2;
        if (newlen > len)
                if (!resize (newlen, false))
                        return *this;
 
        if (buffer)
        {
                memmove (buffer8 + idx + n2, buffer8 + idx + n1, (len - (idx + n1)) * sizeof (char8));
                memcpy (buffer8 + idx, str, n2 * sizeof (char8));
                buffer8[newlen] = 0;    // cannot be removed because resize is not called called in all cases (newlen > len)
        }
 
        len = newlen;
 
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::replace (uint32 idx, int32 n1, const char16* str, int32 n2)
{
        if (idx > len || str == nullptr)
                return *this;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                if (toWideString () == false)
                        return *this;
        }
 
        if (n1 < 0 || idx + n1 > len)
                n1 = len - idx;
        if (n1 == 0)
                return *this;
 
        uint32 stringLength = (uint32)((str) ? strlen16 (str) : 0);
        n2 = n2 < 0 ? stringLength : Min<uint32> (n2, stringLength);
 
        uint32 newlen = len - n1 + n2;
        if (newlen > len)
                if (!resize (newlen, true))
                        return *this;
 
        if (buffer)
        {
                memmove (buffer16 + idx + n2, buffer16 + idx + n1, (len - (idx + n1)) * sizeof (char16));
                memcpy (buffer16 + idx, str, n2 * sizeof (char16));
                buffer16[newlen] = 0;   // cannot be removed because resize is not called called in all cases (newlen > len)
        }
 
        len = newlen;
 
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 String::replace (const char8* toReplace, const char8* toReplaceWith, bool all, CompareMode m)
{
        if (toReplace == nullptr || toReplaceWith == nullptr)
                return 0;
 
        int32 result = 0;
 
        int32 idx = findFirst (toReplace, -1, m);
        if (idx > -1)
        {
                int32 toReplaceLen = static_cast<int32> (strlen (toReplace));
                int32 toReplaceWithLen = static_cast<int32> (strlen (toReplaceWith));
                while (idx > -1)
                {
                        replace (idx, toReplaceLen, toReplaceWith, toReplaceWithLen);
                        result++;
 
                        if (all)
                                idx = findNext (idx + toReplaceWithLen , toReplace, -1, m);
                        else
                                break;
                }
        }
 
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 String::replace (const char16* toReplace, const char16* toReplaceWith, bool all, CompareMode m)
{
        if (toReplace == nullptr || toReplaceWith == nullptr)
                return 0;
 
        int32 result = 0;
 
        int32 idx = findFirst (toReplace, -1, m);
        if (idx > -1)
        {
                int32 toReplaceLen = strlen16 (toReplace);
                int32 toReplaceWithLen = strlen16 (toReplaceWith);
                while (idx > -1)
                {
                        replace (idx, toReplaceLen, toReplaceWith, toReplaceWithLen);
                        result++;
 
                        if (all)
                                idx = findNext (idx + toReplaceWithLen, toReplace, -1, m);
                        else
                                break;
                }
        }
        return result;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class T>
static bool performReplace (T* str, const T* toReplace, T toReplaceBy)
{
        bool anyReplace = false;
        T* p = str;
        while (*p)
        {
                const T* rep = toReplace;
                while (*rep)
                {
                        if (*p == *rep)
                        {
                                *p = toReplaceBy;
                                anyReplace = true;
                                break;
                        }
                        rep++;
                }
                p++;
        }
        return anyReplace;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::replaceChars8 (const char8* toReplace, char8 toReplaceBy)
{
        if (isEmpty ())
                return false;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String toReplaceW (toReplace);
                if (toReplaceW.toWideString () == false)
                        return false;
 
                char8 src[] = {toReplaceBy, 0};
                char16 dest[2] = {0};
                if (multiByteToWideString (dest, src, 2) > 0)
                {
                        return replaceChars16 (toReplaceW.text16 (), dest[0]);
                }
                return false;
        }
 
        if (toReplaceBy == 0)
                toReplaceBy = ' ';
 
        return performReplace<char8> (buffer8, toReplace, toReplaceBy);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::replaceChars16 (const char16* toReplace, char16 toReplaceBy)
{
        if (isEmpty ())
                return false;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                String toReplaceA (toReplace);
                if (toReplaceA.toMultiByte () == false)
                        return false;
 
                if (toReplaceA.length () > 1)
                {
                        SMTG_WARNING("cannot replace non ASCII chars on non Wide String")
                        return false;
                }
 
                char16 src[] = {toReplaceBy, 0};
                char8 dest[8] = {0};
                if (wideStringToMultiByte (dest, src, 2) > 0 && dest[1] == 0)
                        return replaceChars8 (toReplaceA.text8 (), dest[0]);
 
                return false;
        }
 
        if (toReplaceBy == 0)
                toReplaceBy = STR16 (' ');
 
        return performReplace<char16> (buffer16, toReplace, toReplaceBy);
}
 
// "remove" removes the specified number of characters from the string
// starting at the specified index.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::remove (uint32 idx, int32 n)
{
        if (isEmpty () || idx >= len || n == 0)
                return *this;
 
        if ((idx + n > len) || n < 0)
                n = len - idx;
        else
        {
                int32 toMove = len - idx - n;
                if (buffer)
                {
                        if (isWide)
                                memmove (buffer16 + idx, buffer16 + idx + n, toMove * sizeof (char16));
                        else
                                memmove (buffer8 + idx, buffer8 + idx + n, toMove * sizeof (char8));
                }
        }
 
        resize (len - n, isWide);
        updateLength ();
 
        return *this;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::removeSubString (const ConstString& subString, bool allOccurences)
{
        bool removed = false;
        while (!removed || allOccurences)
        {
                int32 idx = findFirst (subString);
                if (idx < 0)
                        break;
                remove (idx, subString.length ());
                removed = true;
        }
        return removed;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class T, class F>
static uint32 performTrim (T* str, uint32 length, F func, bool funcResult)
{
        uint32 toRemoveAtHead = 0;
        uint32 toRemoveAtTail = 0;
 
        T* p = str;
 
        while ((*p) && ((func (*p) != 0) == funcResult))
                p++;
 
        toRemoveAtHead = static_cast<uint32> (p - str);
 
        if (toRemoveAtHead < length)
        {
                p = str + length - 1;
 
                while (((func (*p) != 0) == funcResult) && (p > str))
                {
                        p--;
                        toRemoveAtTail++;
                }
        }
 
        uint32 newLength = length - (toRemoveAtHead + toRemoveAtTail);
        if (newLength != length)
        {
                if (toRemoveAtHead)
                        memmove (str, str + toRemoveAtHead, newLength * sizeof (T));
        }
        return newLength;
}
 
// "trim" trims the leading and trailing unwanted characters from the string.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::trim (String::CharGroup group)
{
        if (isEmpty ())
                return false;
 
        uint32 newLength;
 
        switch (group)
        {
                case kSpace:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performTrim<char16> (buffer16, len, iswspace, true);
                        else
                                newLength = performTrim<char8> (buffer8, len, isspace, true);
                        break;
 
                case kNotAlphaNum:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performTrim<char16> (buffer16, len, iswalnum, false);
                        else
                                newLength = performTrim<char8> (buffer8, len, isalnum, false);
                        break;
 
                case kNotAlpha:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performTrim<char16> (buffer16, len, iswalpha, false);
                        else
                                newLength = performTrim<char8> (buffer8, len, isalpha, false);
                        break;
            
        default: // Undefined enum value
            return false;
        }
 
        if (newLength != len)
        {
                resize (newLength, isWide);
                len = newLength;
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class T, class F>
static uint32 performRemove (T* str, uint32 length, F func, bool funcResult)
{
        T* p = str;
 
        while (*p)
        {
                if ((func (*p) != 0) == funcResult)
                {
                        size_t toMove = length - (p - str);
                        memmove (p, p + 1, toMove * sizeof (T));
                        length--;
                }
                else
                        p++;
        }
        return length;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::removeChars (CharGroup group)
{
        if (isEmpty ())
                return;
 
        uint32 newLength;
 
        switch (group)
        {
                case kSpace:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performRemove<char16> (buffer16, len, iswspace, true);
                        else
                                newLength = performRemove<char8> (buffer8, len, isspace, true);
                        break;
 
                case kNotAlphaNum:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performRemove<char16> (buffer16, len, iswalnum, false);
                        else
                                newLength = performRemove<char8> (buffer8, len, isalnum, false);
                        break;
 
                case kNotAlpha:
                        if (isWide)
                                newLength = performRemove<char16> (buffer16, len, iswalpha, false);
                        else
                                newLength = performRemove<char8> (buffer8, len, isalpha, false);
                        break;
            
        default: // Undefined enum value
            return;
        }
 
        if (newLength != len)
        {
                resize (newLength, isWide);
                len = newLength;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class T>
static uint32 performRemoveChars (T* str, uint32 length, const T* toRemove)
{
        T* p = str;
 
        while (*p)
        {
                bool found = false;
                const T* rem = toRemove;
                while (*rem)
                {
                        if (*p == *rem)
                        {
                                found = true;
                                break;
                        }
                        rem++;
                }
 
                if (found)
                {
                        size_t toMove = length - (p - str);
                        memmove (p, p + 1, toMove * sizeof (T));
                        length--;
                }
                else
                        p++;
        }
        return length;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::removeChars8 (const char8* toRemove)
{
        if (isEmpty () || toRemove == nullptr)
                return true;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                String wStr (toRemove);
                if (wStr.toWideString () == false)
                        return false;
                return removeChars16 (wStr.text16 ());
        }
 
        uint32 newLength = performRemoveChars<char8> (buffer8, len, toRemove);
 
        if (newLength != len)
        {
                resize (newLength, false);
                len = newLength;
        }
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::removeChars16 (const char16* toRemove)
{
        if (isEmpty () || toRemove == nullptr)
                return true;
 
        if (!isWide)
        {
                String str8 (toRemove);
                if (str8.toMultiByte () == false)
                        return false;
                return removeChars8 (str8.text8 ());
        }
 
        uint32 newLength = performRemoveChars<char16> (buffer16, len, toRemove);
 
        if (newLength != len)
        {
                resize (newLength, true);
                len = newLength;
        }
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::printf (const char8* format, ...)
{
        char8 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
 
        va_list marker;
        va_start (marker, format);
        
        vsnprintf (string, kPrintfBufferSize-1, format, marker);
        return assign (string);
}
 
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::printf (const char16* format, ...)
{
        char16 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
 
        va_list marker;
        va_start (marker, format);
        
        vsnwprintf (string, kPrintfBufferSize-1, format, marker);
        return assign (string);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::vprintf (const char8* format, va_list args)
{
        char8 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
 
        vsnprintf (string, kPrintfBufferSize-1, format, args);
        return assign (string);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::vprintf (const char16* format, va_list args)
{
        char16 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
 
        vsnwprintf (string, kPrintfBufferSize-1, format, args);
        return assign (string);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::printInt64 (int64 value)
{
        if (isWide)
        {
        #if SMTG_CPP11
                return String::printf (STR("%") STR(FORMAT_INT64A), value);
        #else
                return String::printf (STR("%" FORMAT_INT64A), value);
        #endif
        }
        else
                return String::printf ("%" FORMAT_INT64A, value);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
String& String::printFloat (double value)
{
        if (isWide)
        {
                char16 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
                sprintf16 (string, STR16 ("%lf"), value);
 
                char16* pointPtr = strrchr16 (string, STR ('.'));
                if (pointPtr)
                {
                        pointPtr++; // keep 1st digit after point
                        int32 index = strlen16 (string) - 1;
                        char16 zero = STR16 ('0');
                        while (pointPtr < (string + index))
                        {
                                if (string[index] == zero)
                                {
                                        string[index] = 0;
                                        index--;
                                }
                                else
                                        break;
                        }
                }
                return assign (string);
        }
        else
        {
                char8 string[kPrintfBufferSize];
                sprintf (string, "%lf", value);
 
                char8* pointPtr = strrchr (string, '.');
                if (pointPtr)
                {
                        pointPtr++; // keep 1st digit after point
                        int32 index = (int32) (strlen (string) - 1);
                        while (pointPtr < (string + index))
                        {
                                if (string[index] == '0')
                                {
                                        string[index] = 0;
                                        index--;
                                }
                                else
                                        break;
                        }
                }
                return assign (string);
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::incrementTrailingNumber (uint32 width, tchar separator, uint32 minNumber, bool applyOnlyFormat)
{
        if (width > 32)
                return false;
 
        int64 number = 1;
        int32 index = getTrailingNumberIndex ();
        if (index >= 0)
        {
                if (scanInt64 (number, index))
                        if (!applyOnlyFormat)
                                number++;
 
                if (separator != 0 && index > 0 && testChar (index - 1, separator) == true)
                        index--;
 
                remove (index);
        }
 
        if (number < minNumber)
                number = minNumber;
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                char16 format[64];
                char16 trail[128];
                if (separator && isEmpty () == false)
                {
                        sprintf16 (format, STR16 ("%%c%%0%uu"), width);
                        sprintf16 (trail, format, separator, (uint32) number);
                }
                else
                {
                        sprintf16 (format, STR16 ("%%0%uu"), width);
                        sprintf16 (trail, format, (uint32) number);
                }
                append (trail);
        }
        else
        {
                char format[64];
                char trail[128];
                if (separator && isEmpty () == false)
                {
                        sprintf (format, "%%c%%0%uu", width);
                        sprintf (trail, format, separator, (uint32) number);
                }
                else
                {
                        sprintf (format, "%%0%uu", width);
                        sprintf (trail, format, (uint32) number);
                }
                append (trail);
        }
 
        return true;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::toLower (uint32 index)
{
        if (buffer && index < len)
        {
                if (isWide)
                        buffer16[index] = ConstString::toLower (buffer16[index]);
                else
                        buffer8[index] = ConstString::toLower (buffer8[index]);
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::toLower ()
{
        int32 i = len;
        if (buffer && i > 0)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
                        CFMutableStringRef cfStr = CFStringCreateMutableWithExternalCharactersNoCopy (kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)buffer16, len, len+1, kCFAllocatorNull);
                        CFStringLowercase (cfStr, NULL);
                        CFRelease (cfStr);
#else
                        char16* c = buffer16;
                        while (i--)
                        {
                                *c = ConstString::toLower (*c);
                                c++;
                        }
#endif
                }
                else
                {
                        char8* c = buffer8;
                        while (i--)
                        {
                                *c = ConstString::toLower (*c);
                                c++;
                        }
                }
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::toUpper (uint32 index)
{
        if (buffer && index < len)
        {
                if (isWide)
                        buffer16[index] = ConstString::toUpper (buffer16[index]);
                else
                        buffer8[index] = ConstString::toUpper (buffer8[index]);
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::toUpper ()
{
        int32 i = len;
        if (buffer && i > 0)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
                        CFMutableStringRef cfStr = CFStringCreateMutableWithExternalCharactersNoCopy (kCFAllocator, (UniChar*)buffer16, len, len+1, kCFAllocatorNull);
                        CFStringUppercase (cfStr, NULL);
                        CFRelease (cfStr);
#else
                        char16* c = buffer16;
                        while (i--)
                        {
                                *c = ConstString::toUpper (*c);
                                c++;
                        }
#endif
                }
                else
                {
                        char8* c = buffer8;
                        while (i--)
                        {
                                *c = ConstString::toUpper (*c);
                                c++;
                        }
                }
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::fromVariant (const FVariant& var)
{
        switch (var.getType ())
        {
                case FVariant::kString8:
                        assign (var.getString8 ());
                        return true;
 
                case FVariant::kString16:
                        assign (var.getString16 ());
                        return true;
 
                case FVariant::kFloat:
                        printFloat (var.getFloat ());
                        return true;
 
                case FVariant::kInteger:
                        printInt64 (var.getInt ());
                        return true;
 
                default:
                        remove ();
        }
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::toVariant (FVariant& var) const
{
        if (isWide)
        {
                var.setString16 (text16 ());
        }
        else
        {
                var.setString8 (text8 ());
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::fromAttributes (IAttributes* a, IAttrID attrID)
{
        FVariant variant;
        if (a->get (attrID, variant) == kResultTrue)
                return fromVariant (variant);
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::toAttributes (IAttributes* a, IAttrID attrID)
{
        FVariant variant;
        toVariant (variant);
        if (a->set (attrID, variant) == kResultTrue)
                return true;
        return false;
}
 
// "swapContent" swaps ownership of the strings pointed to
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::swapContent (String& s)
{
        void* tmp = s.buffer;
        uint32 tmpLen = s.len;
        bool tmpWide = s.isWide;
        s.buffer = buffer;
        s.len = len;
        s.isWide = isWide;
        buffer = tmp;
        len = tmpLen;
        isWide = tmpWide;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::take (String& other)
{
        resize (0, other.isWide);
        buffer = other.buffer;
        len = other.len;
 
        other.buffer = nullptr;
        other.len = 0;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::take (void* b, bool wide)
{
        resize (0, wide);
        buffer = b;
        isWide = wide;
        updateLength ();
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void* String::pass ()
{
        void* res = buffer;
        len = 0;
        buffer = nullptr;
        return res;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void String::passToVariant (FVariant& var)
{
        void* passed = pass ();
 
        if (isWide)
        {
                if (passed)
                {
                        var.setString16 ((const char16*)passed);
                        var.setOwner (true);
                }
                else
                        var.setString16 (kEmptyString16);
        }
        else
        {
                if (passed)
                {
                        var.setString8 ((const char8*)passed);
                        var.setOwner (true);
                }
                else
                        var.setString8 (kEmptyString8);
        }
}
 
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
unsigned char* String::toPascalString (unsigned char* buf)
{
        if (buffer)
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        String tmp (*this);
                        tmp.toMultiByte ();
                        return tmp.toPascalString (buf);
                }
 
                int32 length = len;
                if (length > 255)
                        length = 255;
                buf[0] = (uint8)length;
                while (length >= 0)
                {
                        buf[length + 1] = buffer8[length];
                        length--;
                }
                return buf;
        }
        else
        {
                *buf = 0;
                return buf;
        }
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
const String& String::fromPascalString (const unsigned char* buf)
{
        resize (0, false);
        isWide = 0;
        int32 length = buf[0];
        resize (length + 1, false);
        buffer8[length] = 0;    // cannot be removed, because we only do the 0-termination for multibyte buffer8
        while (--length >= 0)
                buffer8[length] = buf[length + 1];
        len = buf[0];
        return *this;
}
 
#if SMTG_OS_MACOS
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool String::fromCFStringRef (const void* cfStr, uint32 encoding)
{
        if (cfStr == 0)
                return false;
 
        CFStringRef strRef = (CFStringRef)cfStr;
        if (isWide)
        {
                CFRange range = { 0, CFStringGetLength (strRef)};
                CFIndex usedBytes;
                if (resize (static_cast<int32> (range.length + 1), true))
                {
                        if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                                encoding = kCFStringEncodingUnicode;
                        if (CFStringGetBytes (strRef, range, encoding, ' ', false, (UInt8*)buffer16, range.length * 2, &usedBytes) > 0)
                        {
                                buffer16[usedBytes/2] = 0;
                                this->len = strlen16 (buffer16);
                                return true;
                        }
                }
        }
        else
        {
                if (cfStr == 0)
                        return false;
                if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                        encoding = kCFStringEncodingASCII;
                int32 len = static_cast<int32> (CFStringGetLength (strRef) * 2);
                if (resize (++len, false))
                {
                        if (CFStringGetCString (strRef, buffer8, len, encoding))
                        {
                                this->len = static_cast<int32> (strlen (buffer8));
                                return true;
                        }
                }
        }
 
        return false;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void* ConstString::toCFStringRef (uint32 encoding, bool mutableCFString) const
{
        if (mutableCFString)
        {
                CFMutableStringRef str = CFStringCreateMutable (kCFAllocator, 0);
                if (isWide)
                {
                        CFStringAppendCharacters (str, (const UniChar *)buffer16, len);
                        return str;
                }
                else
                {
                        if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                                encoding = kCFStringEncodingASCII;
                        CFStringAppendCString (str, buffer8, encoding);
                        return str;
                }
        }
        else
        {
                if (isWide)
                {
                        if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                                encoding = kCFStringEncodingUnicode;
                        return (void*)CFStringCreateWithBytes (kCFAllocator, (const unsigned char*)buffer16, len * 2, encoding, false);
                }
                else
                {
                        if (encoding == 0xFFFF)
                                encoding = kCFStringEncodingASCII;
                        if (buffer8)
                                return (void*)CFStringCreateWithCString (kCFAllocator, buffer8, encoding);
                        else
                                return (void*)CFStringCreateWithCString (kCFAllocator, "", encoding);
                }
        }
        return 0;
}
 
#endif
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint32 hashString8 (const char8* s, uint32 m)
{
        uint32 h = 0;
        if (s)
        {
                for (h = 0; *s != '\0'; s++)
                        h = (64 * h + *s) % m;
        }
        return h;
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint32 hashString16 (const char16* s, uint32 m)
{
        uint32 h = 0;
        if (s)
        {
                for (h = 0; *s != 0; s++)
                        h = (64 * h + *s) % m;
        }
        return h;
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class T> int32 tstrnatcmp (const T* s1, const T* s2, bool caseSensitive = true)
{
        if (s1 == nullptr && s2 == nullptr)
                return 0;
        else if (s1 == nullptr)
                return -1;
        else if (s2 == nullptr)
                return 1;
 
        while (*s1 && *s2)
        {
                if (ConstString::isCharDigit (*s1) && ConstString::isCharDigit (*s2))
                {
                        int32 s1LeadingZeros = 0;
                        while (*s1 == '0')
                        {
                                s1++; // skip leading zeros
                                s1LeadingZeros++;
                        }
                        int32 s2LeadingZeros = 0;
                        while (*s2 == '0')
                        {
                                s2++; // skip leading zeros
                                s2LeadingZeros++;
                        }
 
                        int32 countS1Digits = 0;
                        while (*(s1 + countS1Digits) && ConstString::isCharDigit (*(s1 + countS1Digits)))
                                countS1Digits++;
                        int32 countS2Digits = 0;
                        while (*(s2 + countS2Digits) && ConstString::isCharDigit (*(s2 + countS2Digits)))
                                countS2Digits++;
 
                        if (countS1Digits != countS2Digits)
                                return countS1Digits - countS2Digits; // one number is longer than the other
 
                        for (int32 i = 0; i < countS1Digits; i++)
                        {
                                // countS1Digits == countS2Digits
                                if (*s1 != *s2)
                                        return (int32)(*s1 - *s2); // the digits differ
                                s1++;
                                s2++;
                        }
 
                        if (s1LeadingZeros != s2LeadingZeros)
                                return s1LeadingZeros - s2LeadingZeros; // differentiate by the number of leading zeros
                }
                else
                {
                        if (caseSensitive == false)
                        {
                                T srcToUpper = static_cast<T> (toupper (*s1));
                                T dstToUpper = static_cast<T> (toupper (*s2));
                                if (srcToUpper != dstToUpper)
                                        return (int32)(srcToUpper - dstToUpper);
                        }
                        else if (*s1 != *s2)
                                return (int32)(*s1 - *s2);
 
                        s1++;
                        s2++;
                }
        }
 
        if (*s1 == 0 && *s2 == 0)
                return 0;
        else if (*s1 == 0)
                return -1;
        else if (*s2 == 0)
                return 1;
        else
                return (int32)(*s1 - *s2);
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 strnatcmp8 (const char8* s1, const char8* s2, bool caseSensitive /*= true*/)
{
        return tstrnatcmp (s1, s2, caseSensitive);
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
int32 strnatcmp16 (const char16* s1, const char16* s2, bool caseSensitive /*= true*/)
{
        return tstrnatcmp (s1, s2, caseSensitive);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// StringObject Implementation
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void PLUGIN_API StringObject::setText (const char8* text)
{
        assign (text);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void PLUGIN_API StringObject::setText8 (const char8* text)
{       
        assign (text);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void PLUGIN_API StringObject::setText16 (const char16* text)
{
        assign (text);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
const char8* PLUGIN_API StringObject::getText8 ()
{
        return text8 ();
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
const char16* PLUGIN_API StringObject::getText16 ()
{
        return text16 ();
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void PLUGIN_API StringObject::take (void* s, bool _isWide)
{
        String::take (s, _isWide);
}
 
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool PLUGIN_API StringObject::isWideString () const
{
        return String::isWideString ();
}
 
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
} // namespace Steinberg